BIO270 Laboratory Guide #2
VERTEBRATE PHYLOGENY II:
GNATHOSOMES; BASIC TISSUE TYPES
After completing this laboratory you should be able to:
1) State and recognize in representative specimens the common defining characteristics of all vertebrates;
2) Know the defining and distinguishing morphological characteristics of the vertebrate taxonomic classes and be able to correctly assign any specimen to its correct class;
3) Know the defining and distinguishing morphological characteristics of the vertebrate taxonomic subclasses, superorders, and/or orders as detailed in the lists below;
4) Be able to correctly classify all of the specimens from the Vertebrate Study Collection studied in this lab, to the level of taxonomic class, subclass, superorder, and/or order, as detailed in the lists below.
5) Recognize in slides or photomicrographs representative samples of the four basic tissue types found in the body;
6) Know the distinguishing anatomical and functional properties of each of the four basic tissue types.
I. VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION
1) Work through the display specimens, using the associated card set, the Kardong text chapter 3; the Kardong taxonomic appendices D&E, and the classification scheme below a guides. Not all taxa in the appendices will be represented.
2) Pay special attention to the distinguishing features of each taxon; i.e. determining how you could tell these apart and what your bases would be for classifying a novel specimen.
3) Learn the correct names, spellings, and pronunciations of the taxonomic groupings represented by the Vertebrate Collection specimens, to the levels presented below. In general, this will involve knowing most specimens to the level of the taxonomic Order.
4) Although you are responsible for classification of vertebrates via a traditional Linnean scheme, you should appreciate what the actual phylogenetic relationships are, including:
a) the bases for the the larger functional phylogenetic groupings - e.g. gnathostomes,
tetrapods, amniotes, placentals
b) which groups are ancestral to which other groups
c) which phylogenetic relationships are misrepresented by traditional classification schemes, e.g. the close affinity between crocodilians and birds.
d) which extant groups are currently the most speciose.
Vertebrate Study Collection - Traditional "Linnean" Taxonomy
only extant orders and not all extant orders are listed
Class Chondrichthyes - cartilageous fish
SubClass Elasmobranchii - sharks, skates, rays, sawfish
(Superorder Selachii - modern sharks)
(Superorder Batoidea - skates, rays and sawfishes)
SubClass Holocephali - ratfish (chimeras)
(Order Chimaeriformes)
Class Osteichthyes - bony fish
Subclass Actinopterygii - ray-finned fish
Superorder Paleonisciformes/Chondrostei - sturgeons, paddlefish,
bichirs
Superorder Neopterygii - gars, bowfins, teleost fish
(Order Lepisosteiformes) - gars
(Order Amiiformes) - bowfins
Order Teleostei - teleost fish
Subclass Sarcopterygii - lobe-finned fish
Superorder Crossopterygii/Coelocathiformes - coelocanth
Superorder Dipnoi - lungfish
Class Amphibia - amphibians
(Subclass Lissamphibia) - modern amphibians
Order Gymnophiona/Apoda - caecilians
Order Urodela/Caudata - salamanders
Order Salientia/Anura - frogs and toads
Class Reptilia - reptiles
(Subclass Parareptilia/Anapsida)
Order Testudinata/Chelonia - turtles
(Subclass Eureptilia/Diapsida)
Order Sphenodontia/Rhyncocephala - tuatara
Order Squamata - snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids
Order Crocodilia - crocodiles, alligaors, caimans, gavials
(Order Pterosaurichi) - pterosaurs
(Order Ornithischia) - bird-hipped dinosaurs
(Order Saurischia) - lizard-hipped dinosaurs
Class Aves - birds
(Subclass Paraves)
(Order Archaeopterygiformes) - archaeopteryxes
(Subclass Neornithes) - modern birds
Infraclass Palaeognathae - ratite birds
Order Cassuariformes - emus, cassowaries
Infraclass Neognathae - carinate birds
(Superorder Galloanseres)
Order Galliformes - fowl
Order Anseriformes - ducks,geese
(Superorder Neoaves)
Order Passeriformes - songbirds (perching birds)
(Order Pelecaniformes - pelicans, cormorants)
(Order Columbiformes - pigeons)
(Order Strigiformes - owls)
(Order Psittaciformes - parrots)
(Order Coraciiformes - kingfishers)
Class Mammalia - mammals
Subclass Protheria
Order Monotremes - platypus, echidnas
Subclass Metatheria - nonplacental mammals
Infraclass Marsupialia - possums, kangaroos, and allies
(Superorder Ameridelphia) - new word marsupials
(Superorder Australidelphia) - Australian marsupials
Subclass Eutheria - placental mammals
Superorder Xenarthra
(Order Cingulata) - armadillos
(Order Pilosa) - anteaters, sloths,
Superorder Afrotheria
Order Proboscidea - elephants
(Order Hyracoidea) - hyraxes
(Order Sirenia) - sea cows, manatees
(Order Tubulidentata) - aardvarks
(Order Macroscelidea) - sengis (elephant shrews)
(Order Afrosoricida) - sengis (elephant shrews)
Superorder Laurasiatheria
(Order Soricomorpha) - shrews, moles
(Order Erinaceomorpha) - hedgehogs
(Order Chiroptera) - bats
Order Perissodactyla - odd-toed ungulates - horses, tapirs,
rhinoceroses
Order Cetartiodactyla - porpoises, whales, and even-toed
ungulates - camels, deer, antelopes, sheep,
goats, cattle, giraffes, pigs
Order Carnivora - cats, dogs, bears, hyenas, mongooses, weasels,
skunks, raccoons, seals, sea lions, walruses
(Order Pholidota) - pangolins
Superorder Euarchontoglires
Order Rodentia - squirrels, mice, rats, porcupines, cavies
Order Lagomorpha - rabbits, pikas
(Order Scandentia) - tree shrews
(Order Dermoptera) - colugos (flying lemurs)
Order Primates - prosimians, monkeys, apes
II. BASIC TISSUE TYPES
1) Work through the demonstration slides of basic tissue types using the card set and the Wheater atlas as guides.
2) Be able to name the four basic tissue types and state the distinguishing characteristics of each.
3) On each slide, be able to identify the tissue type, and identify the underlined structures.
Basic Tissue Types
epithelium:
lines surfaces, folded into glands
cellular
avascular
apical and basal surfaces
basement membrane
connective tissue (CT):
support, storage, transport
resident and transient cells
extracellular matrix
fibers - collagenous, elastic, reticular
ground substance
vascular (exc. cartilage and blood)
nervous tissue:
excitability
cellular
neurons
neuroglia
vascular (in C.T. wrappings)
muscle:
excitability and contractility
cellular
types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
vascular (in C.T. wrappings
