BIO270 Laboratory Guide #6
AXIAL SKELETON AND MUSCLES; ARTHROLOGY
TAXIDERMY II: SKELETAL RECONSTRUCTION
After completing this laboratory you should be able to:
1) Identify the major structural components of the axial skeleton in any vertebrate;
2) Classify the vertebral column organizational structure of any vertebrate;
3) Identify the specific bones/cartilage structures in the axial skeletons of the animals detailed in the list below;
4) Recognize general muscle homologies between vertebrate groups.
5) Be able to classify any joint on the bases of degree of motility, structure, and specific range of motion;
6) Identify the specific axial muscles of the animals detailed in the list below.
You will also begin your group skeletal reconstruction.
I. AXIAL SKELETON
1) Work through KZ exercise #4, pages 41-66, focusing on the axial skeletons of the shark, bowfin, mudpuppy, frog, turtle, alligator, pigeon, and cat.
2) Be able to identify the axial bones on the skeletal list below. Pay special attention to skeletal homologies between the shark, mudpuppy, and cat, but also try to recognize generic homologies with axial bones of the other study animals.
Structures to identify:
Shark:
vertebrae
trunk and tail regions
centrum, neural arch, neural spine
haemal arch, haemal spine
interneural arches
interhemal arches
Alligator:
vertebrae
cervical, thoracic. lumbar,
sacral, caudal
cervical and thoracic ribs
sternum
gastralia
Bowfin and Perch:
vertebrae
trunk and tail regions
ventral ribs
dorsal, anal, and caudal fin rays
Pigeon, Finch, and Emu:
vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, caudal, pygium
synsacrum
carina (keel) or sternum
dorsal and ventral ribs
Necturus:
vertebrae
cervical, trunk, sacral, caudal
neural and haemal arches
transverse processes
zygopophyses
ribs
head, tubercle, body
Cat:
vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral,
caudal
spinous process
transverse processes
zygopophyses
spinal foramen
intervertebral foramina
cervical vertebral specializations
axis with odontoid process
atlas
transverses foramina
ribs
head, tubercle, body
costal cartilage
true, false, and floating ribs
sternum - sternebrae, manubrium,
xiphoid
Frog:
vertebrae
ribs
urostyle
Turtle:
vertebrae
cervical, trunk, sacral, caudal
carapace (dorsal ribs)
plastron (ventral ribs and sternebrae)
3) Closely examine the vertebral columns of the study animals. You should be able to classify each by correctly applying the following terms.
aspondyly vs. monospondyly vs. dispondyly vs. polyspondyly
aspidospondyly vs. holospondyly vs. lepidospondyly
acoelous vs. amphicoelous vs.
procoelous vs. opisthocoelous vs. heterocoelous
II. ARTHROLOGY
Be able to classify joints by degree of motility, structure, and by range of motion. Practice classification on the joint of the skeletons of Part I.
(Degree of motility)
(structure)
(range of motion)
(examples)
Synarthosis (immoveable)
Synosteosis (bone-to-bone fusion or suture)
innominate/synsacrum/gastralia, skull
Amphiarthrosis (semimoveable)
Synchondrosis (bone to hyaline cartilage)
costochondral boundary
Symphysis (bone to fibrocartilage)
symphysis pubis
Syndesmosis (bone to ligament)
interosseous ligament of forearm, sacrotuberous ligament
Diarthrosis (freely moveable - in at least one plane)
Synovial - (joints with fluid-filled capsule)
condyloid
atlanto-occipital, fingers
ball and socket
hip, shoulder
hinge
elbow, knee, jaw
saddle
base of thumb
pivot
axio-atlantal
gliding
carpal, tarsal
III. AXIAL MUSCULATURE
1) Acquire and label the shark, mudpuppy, and cat specimens which you will be dissecting for the remainder of the semester.
2) Skin your mudpuppy, shark, and cat specimens, using KZ pages 90, 97, and 102 as guides.
3) Work through KZ exercise #5, pages 90-121, focusing on shark (axial and branchial), mudpuppy (lateral head, trunk, and tail) and cat (abdominal, chest, neck, throat, and jaw) axial musculature.
4) Be able to identify each of the muscles on the muscle list. For each of these muscles, identify the origin, insertion, and action of the muscle.
Structures to identify:
Shark:
trunk and tail
medial septa
horizontal (transverse) septum
epaxial muscles
hypaxial muscles
myosepta
myomeres
mandibular, hyoidal, and gill arch
adductor mandibulae
dorsal constrictors
ventral constrictors
intermandibularis
levator hyomandibulae
coracomandibularis
coracohyoid
Cat:
back - see also C&R guide
spinalis group
longissimus group
iliocostalis group
chest
external intercostals
internal intercostals
transverse thoracis
diaphragm
abdomen
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominus
rectus abdominus
linea alba
head & neck - see also C&R guide
masseter
temporalis
digastricus
sternomastoideus
cleidomastoideus
splenius
semispinalis
scalenus group
Necturus:
trunk and tail
medial septa
horizontal (transverse) septum
epaxial muscles
hypaxial muscles
myosepta
myomeres
dorsum (back)
dorsalis trunci
ventrum (abdomen)
external oblique abdominis
internal oblique abdominis
rectus abdominis
transversus abdominis
head, gill, and throat
depressor mandibulae
levator mandibulae
levatores arcuum
interhyoideus
intermandibularis
IV. SKELETAL RECONSTRUCTION - PART I
During the week leading up to this lab, you
shouldwill have completed the following preparation:
1) Researched natural postures for your animal, chosen a final pose, and cleared this pose with the instructor.
2) Read through the appropriate guidebook and familiarized yourself with the basic techniques and sequence for completing your skeletal reconstruction.
For today's lab you will follow the guide to:
1) Assemble spinal column and ribcage.
2) Assemble the fore limbs (or wings) and himdlimbs.
3) Assemble the manus (except for birds) and pes.
4) Attach the mandible to the skull.
As you complete each section, check repeatedly to make sure that your construction is following your chosen pose.