BIO270 Laboratory Guide #7   APPENDICULAR SKELETON AND MUSCLES; TAXIDERMY III: SKELETAL MOUNTING
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After completing this laboratory you should be able to:   1)   Identify the major structural components of the appendicular skeleton in any vertebrate;   2)   Identify the specific bones/cartilage structures in the appendicular skeletons of the animals detailed in the list below;   3)   Identify the specific appendicular muscles of the animals detailed in the list below;   4)   Recognize developmental muscle groups and general muscle homologies between vertebrate groups.   You will also complete your group skeletal reconstruction.     I.  APPENDICULAR SKELETON   1)  Work through KZ exercises #5 , focusing on the appendicular skeletons of the shark, bowfin, perch, mudpuppy, frog, alligator, turtle, pigeon, and cat.    2)  Be able to identify the bones on the skeletal list.  Pay special attention to skeletal homologies between the shark, mudpuppy, and cat.     Structures to identify:          Shark:         pectoral fin             coracoid bar             basals             radials         pelvic fin             puboischiadic bar             basals             radials         Alligator:         forelimb             scapula             procoracoid             humerus             radius             ulna             carpals             metacarpals             phalanges         hindlimb             ilium             ischium             pubis             femur             tibia             fibula             tarsals             metatarsals             phalanges        Bowfin and Perch:         pectoral and pelvic girdles         basals         radials         fin rays         Necturus:         forelimb             scapula                 glenoid fossa             coracoid             humerus             radius             ulna             carpals             metacarpals             phalanges         hindlimb             ilium             puboischiadic                 acetabulum             femur             tibia             fibula             tarsals             metatarsals             phalanges         Pigeon, Finch, and Emu:         forelimb             scapula             procoracoid             clavicle (furculum)             humerus             radius             ulna             carpometacarpus             phalanges         hindlimb             synsacrum             femur             tibiotarsus             tarsometatarsus             phalanges         Frog:         forelimb             scapula             humerus             radius             ulna             carpals             metacarpals             phalanges         hindlimb             ilium             femur             tibia             tarsals             metatarsals             phalanges             Cat:         forelimb             scapula                 spinous process                 coracoid process                 glenoid fossa             clavicle             humerus                 greater and lesser tubercles                 capitulum                 trochlea                 epicondyles              radius              ulna                  olecranon              carpals              metacarpals              phalanges         hindlimb             ilium             ischium             pubis                 acetabulum             femur                 head                 condyles             patella             tibia             fibula             tarsals             talus             calcaneus             metatarsals             phalanges       Turtle:         forelimb             scapula                 prescapular process             procoracoid             humerus             radius             ulna             carpals             metacarpals             phalanges         hindlimb             ilium             ischium             epipubic cartilage             femur             tibia             fibula             tarsals             metatarsals             phalanges         II.  AXIAL MUSCULATURE   1)   Acquire and label the shark, mudpuppy, and cat specimens which you will be dissecting for the remainder of the semester.   2)  Skin your mudpuppy, shark, and cat specimens, using KZ pages 90, 97, and 102 as guides.   3)  Work through KZ exercise #5, pages 90-121, focusing on shark (axial and branchial), mudpuppy (lateral head, trunk, and tail) and cat (abdominal, chest, neck, throat, and jaw) axial musculature.   4)   Be able to identify each of the muscles on the muscle list.  For each of these muscles, identify the origin, insertion, and action of the muscle.   Structures to identify:        Shark:         pectoral fin             pectoral levator             pectoral depressor        pelvic fin             pelvic levator             pelvic adductor             pelvic depressor               Cat:         forelimb             deltoideus             latissimus dorsi             supraspinatus             infraspinatus             subscapularis             trapezius             rhomboideus             coracobrachialis             serratus             pectoralis group             biceps brachii             brachialis             triceps brachii         hindlimb               tensor fascia latae             gluteus             biceps femoris             sartorius             quadriceps femoris             semitendinosus             semimembranosus             iliopsoas             adductor magnus             adductor longus             gracilis             gastrocnemius           Necturus:         forelimb             dorsalis scapulae             latissimus dorsi             pectoralis             supracoracoideus             anconeus             humeroantebrachialis             coracobrachialis         hindlimb               pubo-ischio-femoralis             ischiotibialis             caudofemoralis     III.  SKELETAL RECONSTRUCTION - PART II    In today's lab you will follow the guide book to finish reconstructing your skeleton, including the following major steps:   1)  Determine what additional supports or struts will be needed to support the axial skeleton.  Fashion these with the instructor's help and mount these to the wooden base.   3)   Suspend the axial skeleton and attach each of the appendages.   3)   Attach the skull and tail.   4)   Check your skeletal mount for structural integrity.  Reinforce the joints as necessary by carefully adding hot glue and/or super glue.
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